Islamabad:Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) in a policy brief has warned of potential economic and labour market consequences of the ongoing Middle East conflict for Pakistan.
Dr Shujaat Farooq, Dean of Research, PIDE, in her study “The Middle East conflict and its implications for Pakistani migrant workers,” cautioned that prolonged instability in the region could significantly disrupt overseas employment opportunities and remittance inflows that are vital to Pakistan’s economy.
According to the policy brief, Pakistan’s economic stability is closely tied to the Middle East labour market, which hosts approximately six million Pakistani workers and accounts for more than half of the country’s total remittances.
Each year, nearly 700,000 to 800,000 Pakistanis migrate to the region for employment. However, escalating geopolitical tensions could reduce labour outflows and trigger large-scale return migration, placing additional pressure on Pakistan’s already strained domestic labour market.
The study estimates that if the conflict persists, around half a million new workers may not be able to migrate to the Middle East in 2026, while a similar number of existing migrants could be forced to return home.
Such a scenario would significantly impact labour markets, particularly in provinces like Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, where overseas migration traditionally absorbs a substantial share of new labour entrants.
Remittances, which currently contribute nearly 10 percent to Pakistan’s GDP and grew from about $1 billion two decades ago to nearly $40 billion today, could also face a decline of $3–4 billion annually if the conflict continues.
A reduction of this magnitude could put pressure on Pakistan’s exchange rate, widen the current account deficit and weaken the country’s overall economic stability. The brief also highlights the broader economic risks associated with prolonged conflict in the Middle East including rising energy prices, disruptions in trade routes and increased inflationary pressures. Approximately 11 percent of Pakistan’s exports are destined for Middle Eastern markets and regional instability could further complicate Pakistan’s external sector performance.
It emphasises that while overseas migration historically provided relief to Pakistan’s labour market by absorbing a significant portion of new workers entering the labour force, excessive reliance on a limited number of destination countries exposes the economy to external shocks.
Over the past decade, nearly 90 percent of officially documented Pakistani migrant workers were employed in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates serving as the primary destinations.
To mitigate potential risks, PIDE study recommends immediate policy measures to support Pakistani workers in the Middle East and to prepare for possible return migration. These include strengthening diplomatic engagement with Gulf countries to safeguard workers’ rights, establishing dedicated support portals for overseas Pakistanis, and developing comprehensive reintegration programs to assist returning migrants in finding employment or starting businesses.
In the longer term, PIDE underscores the importance of diversifying Pakistan’s overseas labour destinations beyond the Middle East like East Asia, Australia, alongside investing in globally competitive skills development programmes.
