LAHORE: Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have signed a strategic mutual defence agreement, elevating their historic ties to a formal security partnership. The pact signal Riyadh’s intent to diversify security guarantees and Islamabad’s desire for deeper political and economic alignment with the Kingdom.
This agreement comes at a time when Pakistan faces serious fiscal stress, low reserves and limited foreign investment, while Saudi Arabia is recalibrating its regional posture amid shifting US engagement and rising competition from China and Russia.
The pact enhances Pakistan’s diplomatic profile in the Gulf, reinforcing its role as a security partner to the region’s most influential monarchy. It sends a deterrent message to regional adversaries while strengthening Pakistan’s bargaining position in multilateral forums.
Analysts and markets expect the pact to translate into Saudi deposits, deferred oil payments and accelerated investments. This could immediately support Pakistan’s reserves and improve investor sentiment. Handled wisely, the pact could offer Pakistan not just short-term liquidity, but a stepping stone toward greater economic resilience and diplomatic relevance in a shifting regional order.
Riyadh has previously pledged large investments in energy, minerals and infrastructure; the pact raises the likelihood of follow-through, provided Pakistan ensures project bankability and transparency. The partnership positions Pakistan at the heart of Saudi Arabia’s security calculus, potentially opening doors for Islamabad to mediate or balance in Gulf politics.
India has already signalled close monitoring of the pact. While unlikely to respond militarily, New Delhi could deepen ties with the US, Israel and Gulf states, adding to Pakistan’s strategic pressure. Iran remains cautious. Despite restored Saudi-Iran relations, Tehran is unlikely to embrace a pact that explicitly ties Pakistan to Riyadh’s defence. This could complicate Pakistan’s delicate balancing act with Tehran.
The US will read the pact as another Gulf signal of reducing reliance on Washington. While Washington is unlikely to oppose openly, Pakistan must avoid any perception of being drawn too closely into Gulf-driven regional rivalries.
China and Russia are unlikely to object; indeed, both may welcome Gulf actors diversifying ties away from Washington. But Islamabad must coordinate with Beijing in particular, to ensure the pact aligns with CPEC and Chinese investments.
Past Saudi pledges have often been delayed or diluted. Without clear timelines and binding commitments, expectations of financial relief may not materialise. Overreliance on external lifelines without structural reforms could deepen Pakistan’s vulnerability rather than reduce it.
Pakistan should negotiate time-bound, disbursement-linked commitments covering deposits, oil on deferred payments and large projects in energy and minerals. Transparent project management, independent audits and parliamentary briefings can ensure Saudi investments translate into real economic impact and avoid misuse.
At the same time diplomatic balancing is needed. Islamabad should immediately reassure the US of continued cooperation on counter-terrorism and stability. The government must also engage Iran diplomatically to underline that the pact is defensive, not offensive. It should also coordinate closely with China to align Saudi funding with CPEC and broader development goals.
At the domestic front Pakistan must leverage this moment to push for structural reforms — widening the tax net, improving governance and facilitating investment climate — so that Saudi inflows become a catalyst for growth, not just temporary relief.
The Pakistan-Saudi defence pact is a strategic win on paper, providing Islamabad with renewed diplomatic leverage and the promise of financial support. Yet it carries significant risks of regional misinterpretation and economic disappointment if not managed with discipline.
For Pakistan, success will depend on three factors. The first is securing binding economic deliverables; the second is managing regional sensitivities; and the third is embedding Saudi commitments into a long-term reform agenda.
