The silent enemy

health

Liver disease often develops quietly, showing few clear signs until it has already caused serious harm. In Pakistan, hepatitis B and C are major causes of this hidden illness, affecting millions of people across both urban and rural communities. Many individuals carry the virus without knowing it, which allows it to spread within families and neighbourhoods. Limited awareness, unsafe medical practices and gaps in healthcare access have all contributed to the problem. With greater awareness, early testing and simple preventive measures, much of this burden can be reduced and many lives can be saved.

Hepatitis simply means inflammation of the liver and can be caused by different viruses, the most common being hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. In Pakistan, hepatitis B and C are of particular concern because of their widespread prevalence and long-term health consequences. Many people infected with these viruses experience no symptoms in the early stages, allowing the infection to spread unknowingly. This makes public awareness, routine screening and early diagnosis especially important.

One of the major reasons hepatitis continues to spread is the lack of safe medical practices in some settings. The reuse of syringes, unsterilised medical equipment and unsafe blood transfusions have all contributed to its transmission. In rural and low-resource areas, access to properly regulated healthcare can be limited, further increasing the risk. Even in urban centres, overcrowded clinics and a lack of strict oversight can sometimes lead to poor infection control.

Beyond medical settings, everyday practices can also play a role. Barber shops, for instance, may use the same blade for multiple customers if proper hygiene is not followed. Similarly, sharing personal items such as razors or toothbrushes can increase the risk of infection. These may seem like small actions, but collectively they contribute to a larger public health concern.

Another challenge is the lack of awareness. Many people are not familiar with how hepatitis spreads or how it can be prevented. Misconceptions often lead to stigma, causing those affected to hide their condition instead of seeking treatment. This silence only deepens the problem, as untreated hepatitis can progress quietly until it becomes life-threatening.

Testing is a major step in controlling hepatitis. Simple blood tests can detect the presence of the virus, yet a large proportion of the population has never been screened. Encouraging people to get tested, especially those who may have been exposed to risk factors, is essential. Early diagnosis allows for timely treatment, which can prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Treatment options for hepatitis B and C have improved significantly over the years. Hepatitis C, in particular, can now often be cured with modern antiviral medicines taken over the course of a few months. These treatments are increasingly available in Pakistan at lower costs than before, thanks to government programmes and the local production of medicines. Hepatitis B, while not usually curable, can be managed effectively with proper medical care, allowing patients to live long and healthy lives.

Vaccination is another powerful tool, especially against hepatitis B. The vaccine is safe, effective and widely available. In Pakistan, it is part of the routine immunisation schedule for children which is an encouraging step towards reducing future cases. However, many adults remain unvaccinated and are unaware of their vulnerability. Expanding vaccination efforts beyond childhood immunisation programmes could further reduce the burden of the disease.

Public health campaigns also play an important role in raising awareness. Schools, workplaces and community centres can all serve as platforms for education. Media campaigns, both traditional and digital, can help spread simple messages about prevention, testing and treatment. When people understand the risks and the available solutions, they are more likely to take action.

Healthcare workers also have a key responsibility. Proper training in infection control, strict adherence to hygiene standards and the careful handling of medical equipment can significantly reduce transmission. Regulatory bodies must ensure that clinics and hospitals consistently follow these standards. At the same time, improving access to quality healthcare services, particularly in underserved areas, remains a critical goal.

Community involvement is equally important. Religious leaders, local influencers and community organisers can help break the stigma surrounding hepatitis. When trusted voices speak openly about the disease, it becomes easier for others to come forward for testing and treatment. Creating an environment of support rather than judgement can change attitudes and encourage healthier behaviours.

The economic impact of hepatitis should not be overlooked. Treating advanced liver disease is far more costly than preventing infection in the first place. For many families in Pakistan, the financial burden of long-term illness can be overwhelming. Investing in prevention, awareness and early treatment is not only a health priority but also an economic necessity.

Young people have a special role to play in shaping a healthier future. With greater access to education and digital information, they can become advocates for safe practices and informed choices. Whether it is insisting on the use of new syringes at clinics or encouraging family members to get tested, small actions can create a ripple effect.

There is also a need for stronger data collection and research. Understanding the true scale of hepatitis in Pakistan helps policymakers design more effective strategies. Continued collaboration among government agencies, healthcare providers and international organisations can support more effective programmes and ensure that resources are used wisely.

While the challenges are significant, there are reasons for hope. Progress has already been made in expanding access to treatment and improving vaccination coverage. With sustained effort, it is possible to reduce the burden of hepatitis and protect future generations.

World Hepatitis Day serves as a reminder that tackling hepatitis is a shared responsibility. Governments, healthcare professionals, communities and individuals all have a part to play. Through greater awareness, effective prevention and compassion, Pakistan can move towards a future where hepatitis is no longer a silent threat but a manageable - and ultimately preventable - condition.

The writer is a seasoned journalist and a communications professional. He can be reached at [email protected]